[
  {
    "id": "dao",
    "name": "道",
    "english": "Dao / the Way",
    "definition": "道指万物得以生成、变化与运行的根源及其方式，既不等于可指认的实体，也不只是行为准则；文本借无名、母、谷等譬喻，说明其不可被单一言说穷尽。",
    "first_appearance": 1,
    "chapters": [
      1,
      4,
      5,
      6,
      11,
      14,
      16,
      18,
      20,
      21,
      25,
      31,
      34,
      35,
      38,
      39,
      40,
      41,
      42,
      46,
      47,
      51,
      52,
      53,
      54,
      60,
      62,
      70,
      81
    ],
    "evolution": "由言说的限度与生成根源，转向自然、反复及生养而不主宰的行动尺度。",
    "related": [
      "de",
      "ziran",
      "you-wu"
    ],
    "misreading": "道不是人格神，也不能被简化成取得成功的秘密规律。",
    "key_chapters": [
      1,
      4,
      14,
      21,
      25,
      34,
      40,
      42,
      51,
      81
    ],
    "first_appearance_kind": "词面首次",
    "first_appearance_note": "以本网站底本的连续词形检索，不等于思想首次出现。"
  },
  {
    "id": "de",
    "name": "德",
    "english": "De / potency and virtue",
    "definition": "德是万物得于道而具体成就自身的能力与品格，也涉及人的行为方式。它不只表示外在道德评价；上德不自居其德，生养而不据为己有，是文本的重要尺度。",
    "first_appearance": 10,
    "chapters": [
      10,
      18,
      19,
      21,
      23,
      27,
      28,
      34,
      38,
      39,
      41,
      49,
      51,
      53,
      54,
      55,
      59,
      60,
      62,
      63,
      65,
      68,
      70,
      77,
      79,
      81
    ],
    "evolution": "从玄德与孔德，经过对上德、下德的区分，展开为修身及生养的实践。",
    "related": [
      "dao",
      "wuwei",
      "pu"
    ],
    "misreading": "德不等于功名、奖励积分或刻意表演的好人形象。",
    "key_chapters": [
      10,
      21,
      28,
      38,
      51,
      54,
      55,
      65
    ],
    "first_appearance_kind": "词面首次",
    "first_appearance_note": "以本网站底本的连续词形检索，不等于思想首次出现。"
  },
  {
    "id": "wuwei",
    "name": "无为",
    "english": "Wuwei / non-coercive action",
    "definition": "无为并非完全停止行动，而是反省刻意强制、争夺与过度干预。各章语境并不相同：既有个人不自恃的实践，也有统治者减少扰动、使事物自行发展的政治理想。",
    "first_appearance": 2,
    "chapters": [
      2,
      3,
      10,
      11,
      17,
      23,
      27,
      29,
      30,
      32,
      34,
      35,
      37,
      38,
      43,
      47,
      48,
      49,
      51,
      57,
      60,
      63,
      64,
      74,
      75,
      77,
      80
    ],
    "evolution": "从不居功与不言之教，进入无为而治，并与为学日益、为道日损互相解释。",
    "related": [
      "ziran",
      "bu-zheng",
      "pu"
    ],
    "misreading": "无为不等于躺平，也不等于只求最低投入的功利策略。",
    "key_chapters": [
      2,
      3,
      10,
      37,
      38,
      43,
      48,
      57,
      63,
      64
    ],
    "first_appearance_kind": "词面首次",
    "first_appearance_note": "以本网站底本的连续词形检索，不等于思想首次出现。"
  },
  {
    "id": "ziran",
    "name": "自然",
    "english": "Ziran / self-so-ness",
    "definition": "自然在书中首先意为自己如此、自行成为，不能直接等同现代的自然界。道法自然提示不以外在意志强加尺度，而辅万物各遂其性，同时不取消具体情境中的责任。",
    "first_appearance": 17,
    "chapters": [
      17,
      23,
      24,
      25,
      29,
      37,
      50,
      51,
      55,
      64,
      76,
      80
    ],
    "evolution": "由百姓对自成的感受，发展为道法自然，再落到尊道贵德与辅万物之自然。",
    "related": [
      "dao",
      "wuwei",
      "pu"
    ],
    "misreading": "自然不是任性，也不是把现存的一切都判为合理。",
    "key_chapters": [
      17,
      23,
      25,
      51,
      64
    ],
    "first_appearance_kind": "词面首次",
    "first_appearance_note": "以本网站底本的连续词形检索，不等于思想首次出现。"
  },
  {
    "id": "rou",
    "name": "柔弱",
    "english": "Softness and yielding",
    "definition": "柔弱借水、婴儿和草木等形象，指可以应变、不僵固、不以强力逞势的状态。它与生命的生成相连；柔胜刚是对力量观的反思，不保证弱者在每个情境中都会获胜。",
    "first_appearance": 36,
    "chapters": [
      6,
      8,
      10,
      22,
      28,
      30,
      36,
      40,
      42,
      43,
      50,
      52,
      55,
      58,
      61,
      66,
      76,
      78
    ],
    "evolution": "从婴儿般的柔和，转入道之用，最后通过生命与水的譬喻呈现柔与强的张力。",
    "related": [
      "fan",
      "bu-zheng",
      "ci"
    ],
    "misreading": "柔弱不等于逆来顺受，更不是否认现实中的伤害。",
    "key_chapters": [
      10,
      36,
      40,
      43,
      52,
      55,
      76,
      78
    ],
    "first_appearance_kind": "词面首次",
    "first_appearance_note": "以本网站底本的连续词形检索，不等于思想首次出现。"
  },
  {
    "id": "bu-zheng",
    "name": "不争",
    "english": "Non-contention",
    "definition": "不争是不把行动组织为争先、争名与压倒他人，强调处下、利物、退让与不居功。它仍包含为与承担，不等于不辨是非；不同章的兵事和治理语境需要分别理解。",
    "first_appearance": 3,
    "chapters": [
      2,
      3,
      7,
      8,
      17,
      22,
      24,
      30,
      31,
      46,
      63,
      66,
      68,
      69,
      73,
      79,
      81
    ],
    "evolution": "从抑制竞逐和水的处下，延展为用人、勇与为而不争的行动原则。",
    "related": [
      "qian",
      "wuwei",
      "ci"
    ],
    "misreading": "不争不是懦弱，也不宜被包装成最终压倒别人的隐蔽竞争术。",
    "key_chapters": [
      3,
      8,
      22,
      66,
      68,
      73,
      81
    ],
    "first_appearance_kind": "词面首次",
    "first_appearance_note": "以本网站底本的连续词形检索，不等于思想首次出现。"
  },
  {
    "id": "fan",
    "name": "反",
    "english": "Return and reversal",
    "definition": "反既有返回根本的意味，也指事物向相反方向转化的运动。其语义须结合观复、损益与祸福等章辨认；它提醒人注意限度与变化，不是任何事情必然走向反面的机械定律。",
    "first_appearance": 25,
    "chapters": [
      9,
      16,
      22,
      25,
      30,
      36,
      40,
      41,
      42,
      45,
      58,
      65,
      76,
      78
    ],
    "evolution": "从远而复返，到道之动，再在损益、祸福和正言若反中呈现多重面向。",
    "related": [
      "dao",
      "rou",
      "jing"
    ],
    "misreading": "反不是简单唱反调，也不能充当无条件的预测公式。",
    "key_chapters": [
      16,
      25,
      36,
      40,
      42,
      58,
      65,
      78
    ],
    "first_appearance_kind": "词面首次",
    "first_appearance_note": "以本网站底本的连续词形检索，不等于思想首次出现。"
  },
  {
    "id": "you-wu",
    "name": "有无",
    "english": "Being and non-being",
    "definition": "有无描述显现与未形、实有与空缺的相互关系。文本既说有无相生，也说有生于无，并借车毂、器皿、房室说明虚处的作用；这些语境不应被归并为一个粗糙的物理命题。",
    "first_appearance": 2,
    "chapters": [
      1,
      2,
      4,
      5,
      6,
      11,
      14,
      21,
      40,
      43,
      45
    ],
    "evolution": "由命名与分别，进入器物的虚实之用，并回到万物生成的哲学问题。",
    "related": [
      "dao",
      "ming",
      "wuwei"
    ],
    "misreading": "无不是绝对虚无，也不等于现代科学中的真空概念。",
    "key_chapters": [
      1,
      2,
      4,
      11,
      14,
      40,
      43
    ],
    "first_appearance_kind": "词面首次",
    "first_appearance_note": "以本网站底本的连续词形检索，不等于思想首次出现。"
  },
  {
    "id": "xuantong",
    "name": "玄同",
    "english": "Profound identification",
    "definition": "玄同出现在第五十六章，指收敛锋芒、解开纷扰、和光同尘后，不再被亲疏利害贵贱牵制的状态。它重在解除执著与分别的束缚，不要求抹去人与事物的实际差异。",
    "first_appearance": 56,
    "chapters": [
      4,
      49,
      56
    ],
    "evolution": "以四章的挫锐解纷为参照，经四十九章的浑心，可理解五十六章对分别执著的化解。",
    "related": [
      "jing",
      "bu-zheng",
      "zhi"
    ],
    "misreading": "玄同不是盲目合群，也不是放弃判断与界限。",
    "key_chapters": [
      4,
      49,
      56
    ],
    "first_appearance_kind": "词面首次",
    "first_appearance_note": "以本网站底本的连续词形检索，不等于思想首次出现。"
  },
  {
    "id": "sanbao",
    "name": "三宝",
    "english": "The three treasures",
    "definition": "三宝为第六十七章提出的慈、俭、不敢为天下先。三者共同限制逞勇、耗费与争先，并与勇、广、成器长形成反转关系；它们是相互制约的品格，不是三条成功捷径。",
    "first_appearance": 67,
    "chapters": [
      59,
      67,
      68,
      69
    ],
    "evolution": "六十七章明确列出三宝，六十八、六十九章可作为不争与哀者胜的互文。",
    "related": [
      "ci",
      "qian",
      "bu-zheng"
    ],
    "misreading": "三宝并非财富、地位与寿命，也非争胜的三种技巧。",
    "key_chapters": [
      67,
      68,
      69
    ],
    "first_appearance_kind": "词面首次",
    "first_appearance_note": "以本网站底本的连续词形检索，不等于思想首次出现。"
  },
  {
    "id": "zhizu",
    "name": "知足",
    "english": "Knowing sufficiency",
    "definition": "知足是辨认欲求的限度，不把拥有的增加误认为生命的增加。它与知止、名身轻重和欲得之害相连；承认足够不等于忽视基本生活需要，更不要求受损者安于不公。",
    "first_appearance": 33,
    "chapters": [
      9,
      12,
      15,
      19,
      32,
      33,
      44,
      46,
      50,
      53,
      59,
      67,
      75,
      80
    ],
    "evolution": "由知足者富，转入名、身、货的权衡，再与战争及贪求的批判相连。",
    "related": [
      "shen",
      "pu",
      "wuwei"
    ],
    "misreading": "知足不是要求所有人接受贫困，也不是拒绝改善生活。",
    "key_chapters": [
      9,
      33,
      44,
      46
    ],
    "first_appearance_kind": "词面首次",
    "first_appearance_note": "以本网站底本的连续词形检索，不等于思想首次出现。"
  },
  {
    "id": "jing",
    "name": "守静",
    "english": "Stillness",
    "definition": "守静是从躁动、外逐和急迫反应中退回可观察的状态，关心事物如何生长与复归。它与重、根、牝、清静等意象相连，体现持守与回应的节奏，而非永远不表达立场。",
    "first_appearance": 16,
    "chapters": [
      5,
      15,
      16,
      26,
      35,
      37,
      45,
      52,
      56,
      57,
      58,
      61
    ],
    "evolution": "由浊而静之徐清，转入观复和重为轻根，再见于治理与处下的比喻。",
    "related": [
      "fan",
      "rou",
      "ziran"
    ],
    "misreading": "守静不是压抑一切情绪，也不是以沉默掩盖问题。",
    "key_chapters": [
      15,
      16,
      26,
      45,
      57,
      61
    ],
    "first_appearance_kind": "词面首次",
    "first_appearance_note": "以本网站底本的连续词形检索，不等于思想首次出现。"
  },
  {
    "id": "pu",
    "name": "朴",
    "english": "Uncarved simplicity",
    "definition": "朴以未经雕琢的材质为喻，强调不被过多欲望、名目和人为切割支配的状态。见素抱朴、无名之朴与朴散为器共同呈现本与用的关系，而不是取消一切分工和文化。",
    "first_appearance": 15,
    "chapters": [
      3,
      12,
      15,
      19,
      20,
      28,
      29,
      32,
      37,
      38,
      45,
      48,
      49,
      53,
      57,
      64,
      65,
      80
    ],
    "evolution": "从质朴的人格状态，扩展为对名制与治理的反思，最终与民自朴相接。",
    "related": [
      "ming",
      "ziran",
      "zhizu"
    ],
    "misreading": "朴不是故意无知，也不等于拒绝技能与文明。",
    "key_chapters": [
      15,
      19,
      28,
      32,
      37,
      57
    ],
    "first_appearance_kind": "词面首次",
    "first_appearance_note": "以本网站底本的连续词形检索，不等于思想首次出现。"
  },
  {
    "id": "zhi",
    "name": "知与不知",
    "english": "Knowing and not-knowing",
    "definition": "知在不同章中既指辨明、自知与知常，也指被批判的巧智与自以为知。阅读时必须辨认所指，不把所有知识都列为障碍；承认不知与反省认知限度，是重要的自知功夫。",
    "first_appearance": 2,
    "chapters": [
      3,
      13,
      16,
      18,
      19,
      20,
      26,
      27,
      33,
      36,
      47,
      48,
      52,
      56,
      65,
      70,
      71,
      72,
      73,
      81
    ],
    "evolution": "由分别的生成，发展为知常、自知，再反省外求、智巧与不知知的局限。",
    "related": [
      "ming",
      "jing",
      "xuantong"
    ],
    "misreading": "不可将书中对智巧的批判直接等同于反对教育与求知。",
    "key_chapters": [
      16,
      33,
      47,
      48,
      56,
      65,
      70,
      71
    ],
    "first_appearance_kind": "概念起读章",
    "first_appearance_note": "“知与不知”为编者概括词，底本无连续同词；以第2章“天下皆知美之为美”为起读，并参读第71章“知不知上”。"
  },
  {
    "id": "ming",
    "name": "名",
    "english": "Naming",
    "definition": "名既指称谓，也涉及名声与秩序中的分别。道的不可穷尽性与名的可用性形成张力；无名、始制有名、知止并置，提醒读者承认语言的作用，同时避免把名称当作全部实在。",
    "first_appearance": 1,
    "chapters": [
      1,
      13,
      14,
      18,
      20,
      25,
      32,
      37,
      41,
      44,
      71
    ],
    "evolution": "从名可名的限制，转入道与制度之名，再出现名与身的价值权衡。",
    "related": [
      "dao",
      "you-wu",
      "pu"
    ],
    "misreading": "无名不是禁止使用语言，更不是把晦涩表达当成深刻。",
    "key_chapters": [
      1,
      14,
      25,
      32,
      37,
      41,
      44
    ],
    "first_appearance_kind": "词面首次",
    "first_appearance_note": "以本网站底本的连续词形检索，不等于思想首次出现。"
  },
  {
    "id": "shen",
    "name": "身",
    "english": "The embodied self",
    "definition": "身指个人自身与生命，也牵连地位、荣辱及责任。外其身、贵大患若身与修之于身并存，显示对私占的反省并非取消自身，而是重新理解自我与他人、天下的关系。",
    "first_appearance": 7,
    "chapters": [
      7,
      9,
      10,
      12,
      13,
      26,
      33,
      44,
      50,
      54,
      72,
      74,
      75
    ],
    "evolution": "由后身外身，经过宠辱与名货的反省，转向修身、自爱与生命之重。",
    "related": [
      "de",
      "zhizu",
      "qian"
    ],
    "misreading": "不自私不等于自我伤害，也不意味着放弃基本需要。",
    "key_chapters": [
      7,
      9,
      13,
      26,
      44,
      50,
      54,
      72,
      75
    ],
    "first_appearance_kind": "词面首次",
    "first_appearance_note": "以本网站底本的连续词形检索，不等于思想首次出现。"
  },
  {
    "id": "ci",
    "name": "慈",
    "english": "Care and compassion",
    "definition": "慈在三宝中居首，关切不伤害与对生命的顾惜，并与勇相互解释。它既不等于无条件满足他人，也不是故意示弱以换取利益；慈使行动的力量受到对他人处境的约束。",
    "first_appearance": 18,
    "chapters": [
      18,
      19,
      27,
      31,
      49,
      62,
      67,
      69
    ],
    "evolution": "早期章以孝慈反思关系失序，六十七章则正面提出慈为三宝之首。",
    "related": [
      "sanbao",
      "rou",
      "bu-zheng"
    ],
    "misreading": "慈不是没有界限的纵容，也不是感伤地回避困难。",
    "key_chapters": [
      18,
      19,
      67,
      69
    ],
    "first_appearance_kind": "词面首次",
    "first_appearance_note": "以本网站底本的连续词形检索，不等于思想首次出现。"
  },
  {
    "id": "qian",
    "name": "谦下",
    "english": "Humility and taking the lower place",
    "definition": "谦下是以处下、后身、不自见等姿态限制自我膨胀。江海为百谷王等比喻将其与容纳相连；其价值在于让关系不被自我占据，不宜还原成先退后进以获取地位的权术。",
    "first_appearance": 7,
    "chapters": [
      7,
      8,
      22,
      24,
      28,
      34,
      39,
      42,
      61,
      66,
      67,
      68,
      71,
      72,
      78
    ],
    "evolution": "由个人的后身与水的处下，延展到贵以贱为本及江海的容纳。",
    "related": [
      "bu-zheng",
      "shen",
      "sanbao"
    ],
    "misreading": "谦下不是自贬，也不是以假谦虚索取他人的肯定。",
    "key_chapters": [
      7,
      8,
      22,
      39,
      61,
      66,
      68
    ],
    "first_appearance_kind": "概念起读章",
    "first_appearance_note": "“谦下”为编者概括词，底本无连续同词；以第7章“后其身而身先”为起读，并参读第8章“处众人之所恶”。"
  },
  {
    "id": "tian-dao",
    "name": "天道",
    "english": "The way of heaven",
    "definition": "天道在各章中指超出个人欲望的运行与尺度，也带有古代天人观的背景。功遂身退、不争善胜、损有余补不足等表述，从不同方向反思人的占有和逞强，不是现代科学定律。",
    "first_appearance": 47,
    "chapters": [
      9,
      47,
      73,
      74,
      77,
      79,
      81
    ],
    "evolution": "由功成退让，转向对杀生、分配与利而不害的规范性反省。",
    "related": [
      "dao",
      "fan",
      "bu-zheng"
    ],
    "misreading": "天道不是可保证个人获利的报应算法。",
    "key_chapters": [
      9,
      47,
      73,
      77,
      79,
      81
    ],
    "first_appearance_kind": "词面首次",
    "first_appearance_note": "以本网站底本的连续词形检索，不等于思想首次出现。"
  }
]